我们设计了一种算法，用于查找具有强大理论保证其性能的反事实算法。对于任何单调模型$ f：x^d \ to \ {0,1 \} $和instance $ x^\ star $，我们的算法make \ [{s（f））} \ cdot \ log d} \]查询到$ f $并返回{哪个$ f（x'）\ ne f（x^\ star）$。这里$ s（f）$是$ f $的灵敏度，lipschitz常数的分散类似物，$ \ delta_f（x^\ star）$是从$ x^\ star $到其最近的反事实的距离。以前最著名的查询复杂性是$ d^{\，o（\ delta_f（x^\ star））} $，可以通过Brute-Force Local Search实现。我们进一步证明了$ s（f）^{\ omega（\ delta_f（x^\ star））} + \ omega（\ log d）$的下限我们的算法本质上是最佳的。

作者最近给出了$ n^{o（\ log \ log n）} $时间成员资格查询算法，用于在统一分布下正确学习决策树（Blanc等，2021）。此问题的先前最快算法以$ n^{o（\ log n）} $ time运行，这是Ehrenfeucht和Haussler（1989）的经典算法，这是无分配设置的经典算法。在本文中，我们强调了获得多项式时间算法的自然开放问题，讨论获得它的可能途径以及我们认为具有独立利益的状态中级里程碑。

使用增强的框架，我们证明所有基于杂质的决策树学习算法（包括经典的ID3，C4.5和CART）都具有很高的噪音耐受性。我们的保证在讨厌的噪声的最强噪声模型下保持，我们在允许的噪声速率上提供了近乎匹配的上和下限。我们进一步表明，这些算法简单，长期以来一直是日常机器学习的核心，在嘈杂的环境中享受可证明的保证，这些环境是由关于决策树学习的理论文献中现有算法无与伦比的。综上所述，我们的结果增加了一项持续的研究线，该研究旨在将这些实际决策树算法的经验成功放在牢固的理论基础上。

我们研究了算法收到I.I.D的统计问题中对抗噪声模型的基本问题。从分发$ \ mathcal {d} $绘制。这些对手的定义指定了允许的损坏类型（噪声模型）以及可以进行这些损坏（适应性）;后者区别了唯一可以损坏分发$ \ mathcal {d} $和适应性对手的疏忽，这些对手可以损坏他们的腐败依赖于从$ \ mathcal {d} $绘制的特定样本$ s $。在这项工作中，我们调查了在文献中研究的所有噪声模型中是否有效地相当于自适应对手。具体而言，算法$ \ mathcal {a} $的行为可以在不受算法$ \ mathcal {a}'$的情况下始终受到适应性对手的存在的良好近似？我们的第一个结果表明，这确实是在所有合理的噪声模型下广泛的统计查询算法的情况。然后，我们显示在附加噪声的具体情况下，这种等价物适用于所有算法。最后，我们将所有算法和所有合理的噪声模型中的最丰富的一般性映射到最完整的普遍性的方法。

我们考虑解释任意黑箱型号的预测的问题$ f $：给定查询访问$ f $和实例$ x $，输出一小组$ x $的功能，其中有基本上确定$ f（ x）$。我们设计了一种高效的算法，可提供证明的简洁和返回的解释的精度。现有算法是有效的，但缺乏这种保证，或实现了这种保证，但效率低下。我们通过连接{\ SL隐式}学习决策树的问题获得算法。这种学习任务的隐式性质即使在$ F $的复杂程度需要一个艰难的大代理决策树时也允许有效的算法。我们通过从学习理论，局部计算算法和复杂性理论中汇集技术来解决隐式学习问题。我们的“通过隐式学习解释”的方法，共享两个先前分散的分歧方法的元素，用于后期的解释，全局和本地解释，我们使它享有两者的优势。

我们提供了$ n ^ {o（\ log \ log n）} $ - 时间成员资格查询算法，用于在统一分布下统一分发的统一分布\ {\ pm 1 \} ^ n $。即使在可实现的设置中，上一个最快的运行时也是$ n ^ {o（\ log n）} $，这是ehrenfeucht和haussler的经典算法的结果。我们的算法与学习决策树的实用启发式分享了相似性，我们增加了额外的想法，以避免已知的这些启发式措施。为了分析我们的算法，我们证明了决策树的新结构结果，增强了O'Donnell，Saks，Schramm和Servedio的定理。虽然OSS定理表明每个决策树都有一个有影响力的变量，但我们展示了每个决策树如何“修剪”，以便产生的树中的每个变量都是有影响力的。

In this work, we introduce a hypergraph representation learning framework called Hypergraph Neural Networks (HNN) that jointly learns hyperedge embeddings along with a set of hyperedge-dependent embeddings for each node in the hypergraph. HNN derives multiple embeddings per node in the hypergraph where each embedding for a node is dependent on a specific hyperedge of that node. Notably, HNN is accurate, data-efficient, flexible with many interchangeable components, and useful for a wide range of hypergraph learning tasks. We evaluate the effectiveness of the HNN framework for hyperedge prediction and hypergraph node classification. We find that HNN achieves an overall mean gain of 7.72% and 11.37% across all baseline models and graphs for hyperedge prediction and hypergraph node classification, respectively.

Artificial intelligence(AI) systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used to solve critical problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However, complex DNN or ML models that are unavoidably opaque and perceived as black-box methods, may not be able to explain why and how they make certain decisions. Such black-box models are difficult to comprehend not only for targeted users and decision-makers but also for AI developers. Besides, in sensitive areas like healthcare, explainability and accountability are not only desirable properties of AI but also legal requirements -- especially when AI may have significant impacts on human lives. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging field that aims to mitigate the opaqueness of black-box models and make it possible to interpret how AI systems make their decisions with transparency. An interpretable ML model can explain how it makes predictions and which factors affect the model's outcomes. The majority of state-of-the-art interpretable ML methods have been developed in a domain-agnostic way and originate from computer vision, automated reasoning, or even statistics. Many of these methods cannot be directly applied to bioinformatics problems, without prior customization, extension, and domain adoption. In this paper, we discuss the importance of explainability with a focus on bioinformatics. We analyse and comprehensively overview of model-specific and model-agnostic interpretable ML methods and tools. Via several case studies covering bioimaging, cancer genomics, and biomedical text mining, we show how bioinformatics research could benefit from XAI methods and how they could help improve decision fairness.

Learning fair graph representations for downstream applications is becoming increasingly important, but existing work has mostly focused on improving fairness at the global level by either modifying the graph structure or objective function without taking into account the local neighborhood of a node. In this work, we formally introduce the notion of neighborhood fairness and develop a computational framework for learning such locally fair embeddings. We argue that the notion of neighborhood fairness is more appropriate since GNN-based models operate at the local neighborhood level of a node. Our neighborhood fairness framework has two main components that are flexible for learning fair graph representations from arbitrary data: the first aims to construct fair neighborhoods for any arbitrary node in a graph and the second enables adaption of these fair neighborhoods to better capture certain application or data-dependent constraints, such as allowing neighborhoods to be more biased towards certain attributes or neighbors in the graph.Furthermore, while link prediction has been extensively studied, we are the first to investigate the graph representation learning task of fair link classification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neighborhood fairness framework for a variety of graph machine learning tasks including fair link prediction, link classification, and learning fair graph embeddings. Notably, our approach achieves not only better fairness but also increases the accuracy in the majority of cases across a wide variety of graphs, problem settings, and metrics.

Dialogue models are able to generate coherent and fluent responses, but they can still be challenging to control and may produce non-engaging, unsafe results. This unpredictability diminishes user trust and can hinder the use of the models in the real world. To address this, we introduce DialGuide, a novel framework for controlling dialogue model behavior using natural language rules, or guidelines. These guidelines provide information about the context they are applicable to and what should be included in the response, allowing the models to generate responses that are more closely aligned with the developer's expectations and intent. We evaluate DialGuide on three tasks in open-domain dialogue response generation: guideline selection, response generation, and response entailment verification. Our dataset contains 10,737 positive and 15,467 negative dialogue context-response-guideline triplets across two domains - chit-chat and safety. We provide baseline models for the tasks and benchmark their performance. We also demonstrate that DialGuide is effective in the dialogue safety domain, producing safe and engaging responses that follow developer guidelines.